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目次Inhaltsverzeichnis. Solar Instruments. By Dr.R.R.McMATH, Professor of Astronomy and Director and Dr.O.C.MOHLER, Professor of Astronomy and Assistant Director of the McMath-Hulbert-Observatory of the University of Michigan, Pontiac, Mich. (USA). (With 27 Figures)/ 1 I. Instruments for the measurement of the total solar radiation/ 1 II. Radio telescopes/ 4 III. The image-forming instruments of solar astronomy/ 5 IV. Construction and housing of solar telescopes/ 13 V. Auxiliary instruments for solar telescopes/ 16 VI. Instruments for the observation of solar eclipses/ 33 VII. Some instrumental problems of solar observation/ 35 Bibliography/ 40 Radio Astronomy Techniques. By Dr. R.N.BRACEWELL, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Cal. (USA). (With 56 Figures)/ 42 I. Introduction/ 42 II. Receivers/ 44 a) Principal receiver parameters/ 44 b) Monochromatic operation of a noise-free receiver/ 45 c) Reception of a continuous spectrum/ 47 d) Statistical limit to precision/ 49 e) Calibration/ 53 f) Sensitivity to weak signals/ 56 g) Comparison systems/ 57 h) The Ryle and Vonberg system/ 59 III. Aerials/ 60 a) Aerial parameters/ 61 b) Radiation patterns/ 64 c) Types of aerial/ 68 d) Feeders/ 75 e) Tolerances/ 76 f) Mountings and drive systems/ 82 IV. Theory of aerial smoothing/ 87 V. Interferometers/ 98 a) Two-element interferometers/ 98 b) Multi-element interferometers/ 113 VI. Observing procedures and analysis of observations/ 117 a) Discrete sources/ 117 b) Extended sources/ 121 c) Restoration/ 125 Bibliography/ 128 Photographic Photometry. By Dr.H.WEAVER, Professor of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. (USA). (With 29 Figures)/ 130 I. Preliminary remarks/ 130 II. Observing materials/ 130 III. Measuring instruments/ 138 IV. Some properties of photographic star images/ 143 V. Image-form factors/ 144 VI. Chromatic factors/ 146 VII. Atmospheric extinction/ 149 VIII. Photometric systems/ 155 IX. Establishment of a fundamental magnitude scale by photography/ 163 X. Scale and zero-point transfers/ 168 XI. Photography as a method of photometric interpolation/ 172 XII. Determination of color indices/ 174 XIII. Quantitative classification photometry/ 174 XIV. Qualitative classification photometry/ 175 Bibliography/ 179 La nature de la surface des planètes et de la Lune. Par Dr. A. DOLLFUS, Astronome à l'Observatoire de Paris, Section d'Astrophysique à Meudon, France. (Avec 44 Figures)/ 180 I. La Lune/ 180 a) Structure microscopique de la surface lunaire/ 180 b) Structure telescopique de la surface de la Lune/ 191 c) Conclusion/ 204 II. La Planète Mercure/ 205 III. Les astèroides/ 211 IV. Les satellites de Jupiter/ 215 V. La Planète Mars/ 220 VI. Conclusion/ 238 Photoelectric Techniques. By Dr. A.E.WHITFORD, Astronomer and Director of the Lick Observatory, University of California, Mount Hamilton, Cal. (USA) (With 25 Figures)/ 240 I. Introduction/ 240 II. Photoelectric detectors of radiation/ 244 III. Amplifying and indicating instruments/ 255 IV. The photometer on the telescope/ 269 V. Photoelectric spectrophotometry/ 279 VI. Electron image tubes/ 283 General references/ 288 Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch)/ 289 Subject Index (English-German)/ 298 Table des matières (Français)/ 307
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目次Inhaltsverzeichnis. The Photosphere of the Sun. By Professor Dr. LEO GOLDBERG, Director, University of Michigan Observatory, Ann Arbor/Michigan (USA), and Dr. A. KEITH PIERCE, Associate Professor of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Pontiac/Michigan (USA). (With 27 Figures)/ 1 I. The continuous spectrum/ 1 a) Solar constant/ 2 b) Observed limb darkening/ 5 c) Observed solar energy distribution/ 13 d) Observational models of the photosphere/ 18 II. The Fraunhofer spectrum/ 33 a) Observational data/ 36 b) The Formation of Fraunhofer lines/ 42 c) The analysis of Fraunhofer lines/ 58 General references/ 79 Structure and Dynamits of the Solar Atmosphere. By Dr. CORNELIS DE JAGER, Assistant Professor of Astrophysics, Utrecht University, Sterrewacht Sonnenborgh, Utrecht (Netherlands). (With 136 Figures)/ 80 A. The undisturbed photosphere and chromosphere/ 80 I. The undisturbed photosphere/ 80 a) Granulation/ 80 b) Temperature and density inhomogeneities in the photosphere/ 86 c) Micro- and macro-turbulence in the photosphere/ 93 d) Theory of convection and turbulence in the solar atmosphere/ 98 II. The chromosphere/ 106 a) The chromosphere at the limb/ 106 b) The chromosphere on the disk/ 124 c) Structure and dynamics of the chromosphere; transition to the corona/ 135 B. The disturbed parts of the photosphere and chromosphere/ 151 I. Sunspots/ 151 a) The individual spots/ 151 b) Group of spots/ 166 II. Photospheric and chromospheric faculae/ 173 a) The faculae proper/ 173 b) The "centre of activity"/ 183 III. Flares and associated phenomena/ 191 a) Monochromatic observations/ 191 b) Spectrographic observations/ 199 c) Dynamical phenomena associated with flares/ 210 IV. Filaments and prominences/ 224 a) The quiescent prominences/ 226 b) Moving prominences/ 237 C. The corona/ 248 I. Optical observations/ 248 a) The quiet minimum corona; photometry, ionization and excitation/ 250 b) The structure of the quiet minimum corona; temperatures and densities/ 265 c) The active parts of the corona and the "maximum corona"/ 271 II. Radio emission from the Sun/ 283 a) The quiet Sun/ 283 b) Thermal radiation from centres of activity/ 296 c) Non-thermal radiation: type III and type U bursts/ 301 d) Other non-thermal radiophenomena, often connected with flares/ 308 D. Solar rotation and the solar cycle/ 322 a) The solar cycle/ 322 b) Solar rotation and the Sun's general magnetic field/ 337 E. Solar and terrestrial relationship/ 344 General references/ 362 The Atmospheres of the Planets. BY Dr. HAROLD CLAYTON UREY, Professor of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago/Illinois (USA). (With 3 Figures)/ 363 I. Introduction/ 363 II. The Earth's atmosphere/ 366 III. The atmosphere of Venus/ 383 IV. The atmosphere of Mars/ 393 V. The atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon/ 404 VI. The atmospheres of major planets and their satellites/ 406 VII. Conclusions/ 414 Acknowledgment/ 414 References/ 415 Planetary Interiors. By Dr. WENDELL C. DE MARCUS, Professor of Physics, University of Kentucky, Lexington/Kentucky (USA). (With 3 Figures)/ 419 I. The mass-radius relation of cold bodies/ 420 II. Empirical features of the planets/ 431 III. Structure and cumposition of the planets/ 432 a) The constitution of the terrestrial planets/ 432 b) The constitution of the jovian planets/ 440 Radio Echoes from Sun, Moon and Planets. By FRANK J. KERR, Principal Research Officer, C. S. I. R. O. Radiophysics Laboratory. Sidney/NSW (Australia). (With 8 Figures)/ 449 I. Strength and characteristics of echoes/ 449 II. Moon echoes/ 452 III. Future possibilities/ 460 IV. The Earth's immediate neighbourhood/ 462 General references/ 464 Die Kometen. Von Professor Dr. KARL WURM, Hauptobservator an der Sternwarte Hamburg-Bergedorf (Deutschland). (Mit 31 Figuren)/ 465 I. Einleitung/ 465 II. Kometenbahnen/ 469 III. Spektren und Physik der Kometen/ 477 IV. Zur Deutung der Kometenformen/ 496 V. Kosmogonie der Kometen/ 509 Meteors. By Dr. FRED L. WHIPPLE, Director, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and Professor of Astronomy, Harvard University, and Prof. Dr. GERALD S. HAWKINS, Director, Boston University Observatory and Research Associate, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge/Mass. (USA). (With 17 Figures)/ 518 1. Introduction/ 519 2. Basic theory of the meteoric processes/ 520 3. Meteor spectra/ 524 4. Meteor dynamics and orbits of comets, asteroids. and meteors/ 527 5. Meteoritic dust/ 530 6. Visual meteor studies/ 534 7. Radio meteor techniques/ 536 8. Photographic meteor techniques/ 538 9. The masses and densities of meteoroids/ 542 10. Shower meteors/ 544 11. Sporadic meteors and the total influx/ 548 12. Origin of meteors, fireballs and meteorites/ 554 13. Meteorites/ 559 Acknowledgments/ 564 Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch/Englisch)/ 565 Subject Index (English/German)/ 583
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目次Contents Modelling of the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Irradiance for Aeronomic Applications. By Professor Dr. G. SCHMIDTKE, Gilgenmatten 35, D-7800 Freiburg (FRG). (With 34 Figures)/ 1 I. Temporal variations of the solar irradiance/ 1 1. Introduction/ 1 2. Solar EUV measurements aeronomic interest/ 3 II. Representation and estimation of solar EUV fluxes/ 16 3. Representation of solar EUV fluxes/ 16 4. Estimation of the solar EUV fluxes from ground-based measurements/ 18 5. EUV fluxes as solar indices/ 33 III. Aeronomical implications of the solar EUV radiation/ 35 6. Computation of ionospheric parameters/ 35 7. Atmospheric heating by solar EUV radiation/ 40 Transport Coefficients and Collision Frequencies for Aeronomic Plasmas. By Professor Dr. Kurt SUCHY, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-4000 Düsseldorf 1 (FRG). (With 40 Figures)/ 57 Introduction/ 57 A. Transport coefficients derived with a mean-collision-frequency method/ 58 1. Momentum and energy flux balance/ 58 2. Transport equations/ 60 B. Gas kinetic cross sections and collision frequencies/ 62 3. General methods of the kinetic theory/ 62 I. Transfer cross sections and transfer collision frequencies/ 63 4. Collision cross sections and collision frequencies/ 63 5. Quantum corrections to classical transfer cross sections/ 68 6. Transfer cross sections/ 70 7. Transfer cross sections for nonmonotonic interaction potentials/ 76 8. Transfer cross sections for monotonic interactions potentials/ 87 II. Transfer cross sections for particular interactions/ 94 9. Collisions between charged and neutral particles/ 94 10. Collisions between electrons and neutral particles. General features/ 96 11. Collisions between electrons and aeronomic neutrals/ 99 12. Collisions between charged particles/ 105 13. Collisions between ions and neutrals. Polarization part/ 107 14. Collisions between atomic ions and atoms/ 110 15. Collisions of ions in their parent gas. Charge exchange/ 114 16. Collisions of ions on their parent gas. Polarization/ 120 17. Collisions between neutrals/ 122 18. Analytic expressions and normalizations for transfer cross sections and transfer collision frequencies/ 124 III. Transport collision frequencies and their calculation/ 130 19. Transport collision frequencies/ 130 20. Transport collision frequencies for multiparameter interaction potentials/ 139 21. Numerical and analytical results for transport collision frequencies/ 158 22. Survey of the methods for the determination of transport collision frequencies/ 162 C. The moment method/ 167 I. System of balance equations for momentum and heat flux/ 167 23. Momentum and heat flux balances/ 167 24. Balance equations in matrix notation/ 170 II. Transport equations/ 174 25. Transport equations in zeroth approximation. Ohm's and Fourier's laws/ 174 26. Transport equations in first approximation. Thermal diffusion and diffusion thermo effect/ 177 27. Onsager-Casimir relations. Generalized Bridgman relation/ 181 III. Particular transport coefficients/ 183 28. Transport coefficients for charged particles and for electrons alone/ 183 29. Electrical and heat conductivity for an electron plasma/ 185 30. Thermal diffusion tensor and Peltier tensor for an electron plasma/ 191 D. The Lorentz method/ 192 31. Representation of transport coefficients/ 192 32. Eigenvalues of the transport tensors expressed by Dingle integrals/ 196 33. Binomial approximations of the transport eigenvalues/ 200 34. The Ginzburg-Gurevič representation of transport eigenvalues/ 204 35. The Shkarofsky representation of transport eigenvalues/ 207 36. Some applications and extensions/ 208 Appendix A. Axial tensors and axial matrix tensors/ 211 B. Some definite integrals and special functions/ 215 C. Conversion of units/ 220 General references/ 220 Modelling of Neutral and Ionized Atmospheres. By Professor Dr. Karl RAWER, Herrenstraße 43, D-7801 March-Hugstetten (FRG). (With 224 Figures)/ 223 1. Fundamental relations/ 223 A. Measurements/ 233 2. Air density determinations from satellite drag/ 233 3. In-situ composition measurements/ 236 4. Other measurements of neutral atmosphere parameters/ 244 5. Incoherent scatter sounding/ 256 6. Optical methods of observation/ 268 B. Results/ 283 7. Temperature in the upper atmosphere/ 283 8. Atmospheric structure and transport/ 297 9. Composition/ 308 C. Empirical (descriptive) modelling/ 315 10. International reference atmospheres/ 315 11. Computerized descriptive models of the neutral atmosphere/ 327 12. Intercomparison of different atmospheric models/ 340 D. Empirical modelling of the ionosphere/ 347 13. Modelling vertical profiles/ 347 14. Worldwide aspect of the ionosphere/ 383 E. Aeronomical modelling/ 430 15. Kinematic models/ 432 16. Thermospheric heat budget/ 459 17. Advanced aeronomical theory/ 479 18. The polar caps: coupling with the magnetosphere/ 497 Appendix A: The Role of Photoelectrons in the Heat Balance of the Upper Atmosphere/ 525 General references/ 533 Subject Index/ 537 Errata to Volumes XLIX/3-6/ 543
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目次Contents Introduction: A Summary Description of Aeronomy. By Professor Dr. KARL RAWER/ 1 The Neutral and Ion Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere. By Professor Dr. LANCE THOMAS, Department of Physics, The University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, SY23 3BZ (Great Britain). (With 50 Figures)/ 7 A. Neutral and ionized atmospheric structure and composition/ 8 B. Interactions of solar radiations with atmospheric gases/ 16 C. Collision processes and chemical reactions/ 39 D. Laboratory measurements of relevant rate coefficients/ 55 E. Experimental methods for measurement of neutral and ion composition/ 71 F. Aeronomical models of neutral composition/ 83 G. Aeronomical models of ion composition/ 95 I. Characteristics of ionospheric regions/ 95 II. The ion chemistry of the D region/ 100 III. The ion chemistry of the E region/ 110 IV. The ion chemistry of the F region/ 116 H. The production of excited species and their roles in atmospheric and ionospheric processes/ 120 General references/ 126 Diffusion in the High Atmosphere. By Professor Dr. TOSHIYUKI YONEZAWA, Chubu Institute of Technology, Kasugai (Nagoya-shigai), (487 Japan). (With 27 Figures)/ 129 I. Introduction and the general theory of diffusion/ 129 II. Diffusive equilibrium, mixing, and turbulence in the high atmosphere/ 152 III. Vertical distributions of molecular and atomic oxygen/ 177 IV. Ambipolar diffusion including the formation of the F2-layer/ 193 V. Vertical distributions of minor constituents in the high atmosphere/ 215 General references/ 245 Interaction of Neutral and Plasma Motions in the Ionosphere. By Professor Dr. PETER STUBBE, Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, D-3411 Katlenburg-Lindau (Fed. Rep. of Germany). (With 25 Figures)/ 247 A. Introduction/ 247 B. Fundamental equations/ 248 I. Equation of motion for the neutral gas/ 249 II. Auxiliary transport equations for wind calculations/ 259 III. Applicability of the transport equations in the upper atmosphere/ 263 C. Calculation of wind velocities/ 268 I. Methods of calculating wind velocities/ 268 II. Characteristics of calculated wind velocities/ 273 D. Observed wind velocities/ 278 E. Effects of winds on the ionosphere/ 284 I. Direct effects/ 285 II. Indirect effects/ 295 F. Effects of plasma motions on the neutral wind/ 301 G. Conclusion/ 305 List of main symbols/ 305 General references/ 307 Extreme Ultraviolet Observational Data on the Solar Spectrum. By Professor Dr. G. M. NIKOL'SKIJ, Laboratory Solar Activity, IZMIRAN, P/O Akademgorodok 142092, Moscow Region, Rayon Podolsk (USSR). (With 22 Figures)/ 309 I. Spectral observations/ 309 II. XUV solar images/ 335 III. Observation of x-ray solar radiation over wide spectral ranges/ 348 IV. Identification and prediction of extreme ultraviolet lines/ 350 V. Chemical composition of the solar atmosphere derived from EUV data/ 371 General references/ 377 Subject Index/ 379
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目次Contents. Introductory Remarks. By Professor KARL RAWER/ 1 La luminescence nocturne. (The Nightglow.) Par Dr. ARLETTE T. VASSY et Professeur Dr. ETIENNE VASSY†, Université de Paris, Faculté de Sciences de Paris, Laboratoire de Physique de l'Atmosphere, Paris (France). (Avec 75 figures)/ 5 A. Luminance du ciel nocturne/ 13 B. Couleur de la luminescence nocturne/ 24 C. Étude spectrale/ 25 D. Polarisation de la lumière du ciel nocturne/ 44 E. Variations dans le temps de la luminescence nocturne/ 46 F. Variations dans l'espace; altitude des couches émissives/ 57 G. Corrélations avec d'autres phénomènes/ 75 H. Origines de la lumière du ciel nocturne/ 83 J. Applications â la connaissance de la haute atmosphère/ 95 K. Lueur crépusculaire et diurne/ 104 Annexe: Valeurs de sec α/ 114 Bibliographie/ 115 Dynamic Structure of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere. By Dr. WILLIS L. WEBB, Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico and Lecturer in Physics, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas (USA). (With 43 Figures)/ 117 A. Introduction/ 117 B. Structure/ 120 I. Ozonospheric structure/ 120 II. Detailed structure/ 124 III. General thermal structure/ 129 C. Motions/ 135 I. The stratospheric circulation/ 135 II. Stratopause thermal tides/ 150 III. Upper atmospheric clouds/ 162 D. Other features/ 166 I. Atmospheric acoustical structure/ 166 II. Electrical structure/ 169 E. Summary/ 173 General references/ 175 Linear Internal Gravity Waves in the Atmosphere. By Professor WALTER L. JONES, University of Canterbury, Christchurch (New Zealand). (With 7 Figures)/ 177 A. The linear wave equations in an atmosphere at rest/ 179 I. General considerations/ 179 II. Approximations in the horizontal wave equation/ 182 III. Approximations in the vertical wave equation/ 185 B. The isothermal atmosphere/ 186 I. Generalities/ 186 II. Limiting characteristics of waves/ 187 III. Special modes/ 189 C. Internal gravity waves in fluids with mean flow/ 191 D. Approximate techniques for solving the wave equations/ 194 E. Wave reflection and ducting/ 196 F. The generation and dissipation of waves/ 202 G. Linear theory of mountain waves/ 206 H. Wave energy and momentum/ 209 General references/ 216 Wave-Like Phenomena in the Near-Earth Plasma and Interactions with Man-Made Bodies. Professor Dr. JAKOV L. AL'PERT, IZMIRAN, Academy of Sciences of USSR, Moscow (USSR). (With 89 Figures)/ 217 Introduction/ 217 A. Properties and parameters of the near-Earth and interplanetary plasma. Basic equations/ 219 B. Flow around solid bodies moving in a plasma/ 252 I. Disturbed conditions in the vicinity of moving bodies/ 253 II. Electric fields in the disturbed vicinity/ 260 III. Scattering of radio waves from the trail of a rapidly moving body/ 286 IV. Remarks concerning the excitation of waves and the instability of the plasma around a rapidly moving body/ 295 C. Waves and oscillations in the near-Earth plasma and in the ionosphere/ 300 I. Investigations of ELF waves/ 302 II. Investigations of VLF waves/ 316 III. Investigations of LF waves/ 329 IV. Investigations of HF waves/ 335 Notations and symbols/ 344 General references/ 348 Some Characteristic Features of the Ionospheres of Near-Earth Planets. By Professor Dr. KONSTANTIN I. GRINGAUZ and Dr. TAMARA K. BREUS, Space Research Institute of the Academy of Sciences of USSR, Moscow (USSR). (With 22 Figures)/ 351 1. Introduction/ 351 I. Methods for investigating planetary ionospheres by means of spacecraft/ 352 2. General characteristics/ 352 3. Charged-particle traps/ 353 4. Radio methods/ 353 5. Analysis of radio data/ 357 6. Difficulties and limitations of the different methods/ 358 II. Experimental results of the exploration of the ionospheres of Mars and Venus/ 360 7. The ionosphere of Mars/ 360 8. The ionosphere of Venus/ 365 9. Comparison of electron density and temperature profiles in the Martian, terrestrial and Venusian ionospheres/ 370 III. Models of the Martian and Venusian ionospheres/ 371 10. Generalities: the influence of neutral composition/ 371 11. Problems involving the range near the main peak of the profile/ 373 12. The upper ionosphere of Venus/ 376 13. The upper ionosphere of Mars/ 381 Conclusions/ 381 General references/ 381 Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch)/ 383 Subject Index (English-German)/ 395 Index (Français-Allemand)/ 405
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- 資料種別
- 図書
- ISSN
- 0085-140X
- 出版年月日等
- 1956-c1988.
- 出版年（W3CDTF）
- 1956
- 数量
- 55 v. : ill., diagrs. ; 26 cm.
- 並列タイトル等
- Encyclopedia of physics
- 出版地（国名コード）
- DE
- 本文の言語コード
- ger