屍骸を観る : 根来東叔の「人身連骨眞形図」とその位置づけについて

• Material Type: 図書
• Title: 屍骸を観る : 根来東叔の「人身連骨眞形図」とその位置づけについて
• Author/Editor: ミヒェル, ヴォルフガング
• Author Heading: ミヒェル, ヴォルフガング
• Publication, Distribution, etc.: 中津市教育委員会
• Publication Date: 近世、江戸期、18世紀; 2012-03
• Publication Date (W3CDTF): 2012-03
• Alternative Title: Looking at Corpses : Negoro Tōshuku's "True Shape of Human Bones" and its Place in Japanese Medical History
• Pages: 42-89
• Text Language Code: jpn
• Area Coverage: 日本、京都、奈良、根来、中津; Japan, Kyoto, Negoro, Nakatsu, Nara
• Subject Heading: 眼目暁解; 外台祕要; 根来流眼目秘方; 帰山録; 天元暦理全書; 物理小識; 極西天文; 古今釋義; 霊台儀象志; 測量法儀; 乾象図説; 渾蓋通憲図説; 夢溪筆談; 丹鉛総録; 造物余譚; 類経図翼; 骨継療治重宝記; 伏人骨名図; 迎人骨名図; 整骨新書; 波上白骨座禅図; 折肱要訣; 洗冤集録; 平安人物志; 九想詩諺解; 卒都婆小町図; 青木流眼療書; 骨度正誤圖説; 天仲寺山; 京都; 中津; 操神堂; 屍骸; 九想図; 九相図; 白骨連想; 白骨散想; 九相詩; 根来東叔; 三浦梅園; 根来東麟; 長男東林; 奥平昌鹿; フェルディナント・フェルビースト; ジャコモt・ロー; アダム・シャル; マテオ・リッチ; 賀来吉左衛門; 空海; 東坡居士; 山雲子; 人身連骨真形図; 内障説; 眼珠全體家説; 瞳子内景図; 験屍; 眼科医; 難波雀; ヘイサルハサル; 九相観; Ferdinand Verbiest; Giacomo Rho; Negoro Toshuku; Negoro Torin; Adam Schall von Bell; Matteo Ricci; ophtamology; cataract; Shingon Buddhism; Miura Baien; Zobutsu yotan; skeleton; Yamawaki Toyo; Negoro Temple; Nakatsu; Kyoto; Osteopathic Manipulation; Kagami Bunken; Petra Bezoar; Kukai
• Target Audience: 一般
• Note (General): Looking at Corpses – Negoro Tōshuku's ‘True Shape of Human Bones' and its Place in Japanese Medical History / In 1732 the ophtamologist Negoro Tōshuku (1698-1755) observed the decaying corpses of two criminals who had been burned and left to rot, presumably in the outskirts of Kyōto. Nine years later Negoro reworked his sketches, made coloured drawings of the skeletal remains and added extensive comments on the bones and their function. Decades later in 1781 the noted physician and philosopher Miura Baien copied the pictures as well as the explanations during his visit to the house of Negoro Tōshuku’s son Tōrin, who was living in Nakatsu since 1765 as one of the domain physicians. Miura Baien was deeply impressed by the collection of astronomical and other Jesuit books from China, that were extremely difficult to smuggle into the country. A few months later Miura incorporated his copy into the anatomical book ‘Residual remarks about creation’ (Zōbutsu yotan). Based on this text medical historians praised Negoro's observations as an important prelude to the epoch-making dissection of a human cadaver by Yamawaki Tōyō in 1754. Then two large scale hanging-scrolls came up during the 1970s that are nowadays displayed in the Murakami Medical Archive in Nakatsu. Two further scrolls were identified a few decades later. This study discusses the background of the Negoro family, the related source materials, and the medical and cultural background of Negoro Tōshuku's observations. A genealogical chart kept by Mr. Negoro Masateru and an outline of the historic background of his family written by Negoro Tōshuku in 1731 show that Negoro-style ophtamology has its roots in the monastery medicine of the Negoro Temple (Wakayama prefecture) and finally in the studies of Chinese medicine conducted by the founder of Shingon Buddhism Kūkai and his followers. Like in other fields of medicine too, monks versed in the treatment of eye diseases used to treat the majority of patients throughout the middle ages. With the rise of artisans and merchants during the 16th century and the waning influence of Buddhism, eventually ‘civilian' ophtamologists appeared, one among them being the ancestor of the Negoro family. The ophtamological writings of Negoro Tōshuku reveal an independent and self-confident scholar, who had acquired a considerable expertise and developed a new theory about the nature of the cataract that secured his place in the history of ophtamology. Being keenly aware of the structure and function of the eye he stressed the importance of own observations and a critical review of traditional techings, thus taking a position quite similar to that of early modern European scholars (e.g. in the Academia de Lincei). At present only three versions of Negoro’s ‘True Shape of Human Bones’ have been confirmed: Miura Baien's copy in a small book format, a pair of scrolls in the Murakami Medical Archive (Nakatsu) and another pair in the Museum of Traditional Medicine (Morinomiya College of Medical Arts and Sciences). A comparison of the paper’s properties, the brush writing, the depiction of bones etc. revealed that both pairs of scrolls are only copies, the latter being older than that in Nakatsu. With the exemption of a few minor writing mistakes, both scroll pairs are identical and convey the large-scale design of Negoro, but neither of them shows some important features (a bone, some lines, captions etc.), Miura had recorded in 1781. Within the framework of the history of dissections Negoro Tōshuku deserves a prominent position, but it is still not clear why he ventured out into the field of anatomy. A broader review of related material revealed, that Negoro was not the first physician who turned his attention to human skelets. The world’s oldest book on forensic medicine, the ‘Washing away of unjust imputations’ (Xǐ Yuān Lù) by Sòng Cí (1247), already contains a chapter on the ‘Investigation of bones'. This text and similar books published on forensic medicine like Wang yu's ‘Abolition of unjust imputations' (Wū Yuān Lù) eventually came to Japan too. Advertisements in Edo period Japanese books reveal, that the Wū Yuān Lù was re-printed repeatedly since the latter half of the 17th century. Furthermore, the contributions of Edo period practitioners of osteopathic manipulative medicine (seikotsu-i) to the progress in anatomical studies have not found sufficient attention of historians yet. One of the outstanding pioneers was Kōshi Hōyoku, who, based on 17 Chinese books and his own extensive observations, layed the foundations for an autochtone tradition in the ‘Therapeutical Treasures of Osteopathic Manipulation' (Honetsugi ryōji chōhōki), printed shortly after Negoro's observations and years before Yamawaki's dissection. As these therapies did not work out without an intimate knowledge of bones, articulated joints, muscles and tendons, Kōshi devoted a great part of his writings to anatomical details. His illustrations were significantly better than those in any other contemporary Japanese medical publication. Even after Western anatomical teachings had found their way into Japanese medical literature, publications such as the ‘New Book of Osteopathic Manipulation' (Seikotsu shinsho) by Kagami Bunken (1755-1819) continued to demonstrate the high level of research in these circles. Last not least, in order to liberate oneself from sensual desires, contemplations on the impurity of a decaying corpse (kuso-kan), preferably the corpse of a beautiful young woman, were part of the exercises among monks and ardent devotees since the early days of Buddhism in Japan. Graphic depictions of the nine stages of decomposition served this purpose in various formats, including hanging scrolls, handscrolls, and printed books. In addition to quotations from Buddhist textual sources, poems in classical Chinese were added to these ‘Nine stage pictures' (kuso-zu). Having grown up in a family deeply rooted in Shingon Buddhistic traditions, Negoro Tōshuku's encounter with decaying corpses inevitably must have evoked such pictures, among them one of the whole skeleton followed by one showing the disjointing. In contrast to the later dissections conducted by Yamawaki Tōyō and others, the mere observation of a naturally decaying body was still within the traditional conceptual framework. Therefore the step from contemplation to observation was comparatively small, especially for an ophtamologist believing in the power of the human eye as a mean of gaining new knowledge.
• Format (IMT): application/pdf
• Source: Michel_Negoro_2012.pdf; https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/21049/Michel_Negoro_2012.pdf
• Access Restrictions: インターネット公開
• Related Material: 『史料と人物 IV』中津市歴史民俗資料館 分館医家史料館叢書 || 4 || p42-89
• Periodical Title: 中津市歴史民俗資料館 分館医家史料館叢書
• Content Temporal Coverage: 近世、江戸期、18世紀; Early Modern Period, Edo Period, 18th century
• Data Provider (Database): 国立情報学研究所 : 学術機関リポジトリデータベース（IRDB）（機関リポジトリ）; https://irdb.nii.ac.jp
• Original Data Provider (Database): 九州大学 : 九州大学学術情報リポジトリ

Table of Contents

一、根来医家について // 二、根来東叔及び東麟について // 三、「人身連骨真形図」の成立 // 四、根来東麟宅で「人身連骨真形図」に感銘を覚える三浦梅園 //五、現存の「人身連骨真形図」// 七、人骨の観察 // 世界初の法医学書『洗寃録』/ 一八世紀の整骨医による歴史的貢献/僧侶が見つめた屍骸 // 史料 : 人身連骨眞形圖