Atmospheric Kelvin–Helmholtz billows captured by the MU radar, lidars and a fish-eye camera

• Material Type: 記事
• Title: Atmospheric Kelvin–Helmholtz billows captured by the MU radar, lidars and a fish-eye camera
• Author/Editor: Hubert Luce; Lakshmi Kantha; Masanori Yabuki
• Publication, Distribution, etc.: 日本 : Springer Nature
• Publication Date: 2018-10-03
• Publication Date (W3CDTF): 2018-10-03
• Periodical title: EPS : Earth, Planets and Space
• No. or year of volume/issue: 70(162)
• Volume: 70(162)
• ISSN (Periodical Title): 1880-5981
• ISSN-L (Periodical Title): 1343-8832
• Text Language Code: eng
• DOI: 10.1186/s40623-018-0935-0; https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0935-0
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• Date Accepted (W3CDTF): 2018-11-22T14:07:23+09:00
• Date Captured (W3CDTF): 2018-11-21
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• Summary, etc.: On June 11, 2015, a train of large-amplitude Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) billows was monitored by the Middle and Upper Atmosphere (MU) radar (Shigaraki MU Observatory, Japan) at the altitude of ~ 6.5 km. Four to five KH billows in formation and decay stages were observed for about 20 min at the height of a strong speed shear (> ~ 30 m s⁻¹km⁻¹), just a few hundred meters above a mid-level cloud base. The turbulent billows had a spacing of about 3.5–4.0 km (3.71 km in average) and an aspect ratio (depth/spacing) of ~ 0.3. The turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate estimated was of the order of 10–50 mWkg⁻¹, corresponding to moderate turbulence according to ICAO (2010) classification. By chance, an upward-looking fish-eye camera producing pictures once every minute detected smooth protuberances at the cloud base caused by the KH billows so that comparisons of their characteristics could be made for the first time between the radar observations and the pictures. The main characteristics of the KH wave (horizontal wavelength, phase front direction and phase speed) obtained from the analysis of the pictures were fully consistent with those found from radar data. The pictures indicated that the billows were advected by the wind observed at the height of the critical level. They also revealed a very small transverse extent (about twice the horizontal spacing) suggesting that the large-amplitude KH billows were generated by a very localized source. Micro-pulse lidar and Raman–Rayleigh–Mie lidar data also collected during the event permitted us to confirm some of the characteristics of the billows.
• DOI: 10.1186/s40623-018-0935-0; https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-018-0935-0
• Access Restrictions: インターネット公開
• Rights (production): © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
• Related Material (URI): http://hdl.handle.net/2433/255590; http://id.ndl.go.jp/digimeta/11189224; https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/11189224; http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40623-018-0935-0.pdf; http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40623-018-0935-0/fulltext.html
• Is Referenced By: Special issue “Recent Advances in MST and EISCAT/Ionospheric Studies – Special Issue of the Joint MST15 and EISCAT18 Meetings, May 2017”; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050567903432019584; New cloud morphologies discovered on the Venus's night during Akatsuki; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360571647804880640
• References: Shigaraki UAV-Radar Experiment (ShUREX): overview of the campaign with some preliminary results; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050564288163935744; Extensive studies of large‐amplitude Kelvin–Helmholtz billows in the lower atmosphere with VHF middle and upper atmosphere radar; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360004230285836928; Convective Instability Underneath Midlevel Clouds: Comparisons between Numerical Simulations and VHF Radar Observations; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360011146090014208; The Mysteries of Mammatus Clouds: Observations and Formation Mechanisms; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360292619465181184; Factors Governing Cellular Convection in Orographic Precipitation; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574095939282432; Micro pulse lidar; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360574096221144448; Observations of Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at a cloud base with the middle and upper atmosphere (MU) and weather radars; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1360848658216380928; High-Resolution Observations with MU Radar of a KH Instability Triggered by an Inertia–Gravity Wave in the Upper Part of a Jet Stream; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361137044102014464; Evolution and Breakdown of Kelvin–Helmholtz Billows in Stratified Compressible Flows. Part I: Comparison of Two- and Three-Dimensional Flows; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418519717991936; Energetics of persistent turbulent layers underneath mid-level clouds estimated from concurrent radar and radiosonde data; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361418520912424832; Further study of a jet stream‐generated Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361699993991957120; Experiments on instability and turbulence in a stratified shear flow; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419094348672; Combined temperature lidar for measurements in the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362544419936794880; Retrieving Cloud Characteristics from Ground-Based Daytime Color All-Sky Images; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825893826869120; Space and Time Filtering of Remotely Sensed Velocity Turbulence; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1362825895948902528; On the Effects of Moisture on the Brunt-Väisälä Frequency; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363107368902972288; A frequency domain radar interferometric imaging (FII) technique based on high-resolution methods; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363388844829497856; Turbulence statistics of a Kelvin–Helmholtz billow event observed in the night-time boundary layer during the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study field program; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670318699121408; Range imaging using frequency diversity; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670319115446912; Full-Time, Eye-Safe Cloud and Aerosol Lidar Observation at Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Sites: Instruments and Data Processing; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320104463232; Midlatitude Cirrus Clouds Derived from Hurricane Nora: A Case Study with Implications for Ice Crystal Nucleation and Shape; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363670320925937408; MU radar: New capabilities and system calibrations; https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1363951795568708864
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• Bibliographic ID (NDL): 11189224; http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/11189224
• NAID: 120006892065